Vatican II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vatican II - Research Paper Example n.p.). The council was formed with the purpose of undertaking the review of the position of the church and its spiritual renewal in the contemporary world. It was on Oct. 11, 1962 that the most impressive improvement of the Vatican II was convened, by extending the invitation to the Orthodox Eastern and Protestant churches for sending their observers. The representatives from many churches attended these meetings. Then, the variety of cultural and national origins was another characteristic that was depicted to people who had attended the meeting from around the world (Bokenkotter, Thomas, 2005). It is not clear from the mission of Vatican II that unlike the former councils, this council was distinctive doe the reason that no new dogmas were issues, anathemas declared, nor was there any settlement for the serious profanation that prevailed during this time. The council, rather, became known ideally for its purpose of renewing the Catholic doctrine in the modern perspective and timeline. the council resulted in various institutional changes, which concluded the idea of the Catholic Church that the ultimate salvation for the humanity is brought by it alone, the revised charisma and renewing of the consecrated life, along with the ecumenical struggle towards various other religions through dialogue, and the communicative contribution of laity in many other activities of the religion (Alberigo, Giuseppe; Sherry, Matthew, 69). Besides this, the widespread use of vernacular language instead of the Latin language in Holy Mass was the most conspicuous change brought by the council, the revision of Eucharistic prayers, the disarticulation of the tabernacle of Church from central aisle, along with many other alteration including the abbreviation of the liturgical calendar, replacement of Ad Orientem by Versus Populum, and many other advanced artistic changes that enclosed the modern

Organational Theory and Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organational Theory and Leadership - Term Paper Example An organization is a social group that works for a collective goal. It is usually composed of different kinds of people, who have their own role in the organization. An organization usually has a mission and a vision, and each member works towards the organizations goal. Each member has a purpose, and each members contribution should help the organization move towards its goal. However, each organization needs a leader to guide the members in reaching their specific, as well as collective goal. Thus, in order for an organization to function efficiently, it is essential to have a leader that understands the workings of his organization. There are different theories on how an organization works. One of the most popular theories on organizational studies is the classical organization theory. According to this theory, an organization should have a defined job and a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability, in order to assure its efficiency. The organization is likened to a machine, with the members functioning as the different parts of the machine. It is thus not surprising that Frederick Winslow Taylor is one of the proponents of the classical theory. F.W. Taylor is a mechanical engineer by profession, and is regarded as the "father of scientific management". In the classical point of view, an organization should be output-oriented. Just like a machine, each part should work well with the other parts in order to ensure productivity. However, unlike a machine, an organization is composed of people, not nuts and bolts that can be overworked without any complaints. People, unlike parts of a machi ne, have needs, and when these needs are not provided, they would find it difficult to be productive. Thus, critics found this theory somewhat unreasonable and thus, scholars started formulating other theories to explain the dynamics of organizations. If organizations cannot be likened to

Sex Offenders has to be related to criminal justice Essay

Sex Offenders has to be related to criminal justice - Essay Example An attempt will be made to establish the extent to which criminal justice can be leveled against sexual offenders. A conclusion summarizing the main points discussed in the essay will be given at the end of the essay. In order to get a clear understanding about the topic, it is imperative to begin by defining the term sexual offence. A sex offence can be loosely defined as abuse of another person which mainly involves deriving sexual pleasure from that person without consent. For instance, research has shown that rape within marriage, which has not always been recognized as a crime, is a growing area of concern in American criminal justice, and many laws have been enacted during the past few decades to deter it. â€Å"Similarly even though UCR/NIBRS Program statistics officially report only the rape or attempted rape of females, some states statutes criminalize the rape. In 2007, for example, sixth-grade Wilmington, Delaware, science teacher Rachel L. Holt, a 34-year-old divorcee, w as sentenced to 10 years in prison after pleading guilty to second-degree rape. She had initially been charged with 28 counts of first-degree rape---which prosecutors said was based on the number of times she had had sex with a 13 year-old male student whom she had supplied with alcohol and let drive her car,† ( Frank Schmalleger, p. 49). ... ibes certain norms of conduct that bind all members of the state upon which it has a jurisdiction to punish a person who transgresses against these norms. As far as criminal law is concerned, the state is there to act against the defendant and criminal justice is seen as an effective tool of dealing with particular acts by the members of the society that are considered to be in violation of the prescribed norms. For partners to engage in sexual activities, there must be common understanding between them and they should first reach an agreement so that no one will feel betrayed or abused. It can be noted that there are many different forms of sexual offences and these range from rape, fondling, juvenile prostitution and sexual exploitation through child pornography. Basically, rape and child sexual abuse are more rampant forms of sexual offenses during the contemporary period. A closer look at the trends of sexual offences reveals that rape cases are on the rise in different states an d these often take different forms but all the same, this will constitute a criminal offence. A crime involving sexual abuse without consent is in violation of the societal norms and values which are protected under the public law. Criminal justice has to be effected in such scenarios. Cases involving rape within marriages have significantly gained prominence during the contemporary period especially in the US as noted above. This type of offence used to be treated lightly but some of the sexual aggression displayed to another partner can be classified as a criminal offense. Indeed, married people form the union out of love and common understanding but in some cases, when it comes to the subject of conjugal rights, there may be no common understanding between the married partners. If a

Good and Evil in Billy Budd Essay Example for Free

Good and Evil in Billy Budd Essay Contrast Between Good and Evil in Billy Bud Since the beginning of time, there has always been a tenacious struggle between good and evil. In a particular famous book, The Bible, the continuous clash between good and evil remains evident throughout the work. In Herman Melvilles novel, Billy Budd, symbolism, characterization, and irony are put to use to develop the dramatic contrast between good and evil. Symbolism is used to directly contrast good and evil. The night before Billys hanging, through the rose-tan of his complexion no pallor could have shown. Billy portrays a very pure Christ-like character before his demise. His white garb, and natural glowing of light makes his death seem symbolic for good. Claggort whos brow was of the sort phrenologically associated with more than average intellect symbolically manipulated Billy Budd as did the wisdom of the serpent manipulate Adam. Evil always tries to antagonize what is good. Therefore, Claggort was Billys antagonist throughout Billy Budd. Also symbolic to the novel is the actual demise of both Claggort and Billy Budd. Claggorts death is very short and appropriate to his navel grade. In contrast, Billys death occurs during the dawn where Billy ascended; and ascending took the full rose of the dawn. Claggorts death completely contrasts with the pure death of Billy Budd. Billys death is portrayed as good, conquering, and symbolic, which directly foils that of Claggorts. Not only using symbolism, Melville also uses characterization to contrast good and evil. Characterization is used to contrast the concepts of good and evil. Billy Budd is like a young horse fresh from the pasture suddenly inhaling a vile whiff from some chemical factory. Billys innocence and purity is exterminated at the hands of his main enemy, John Claggort, much such as Adam presumably might have been ere the urbane Serpent wriggled himself into his company. Claggorts silken jet curls and pallor tinged with a faint shade of amber skin even denote evil. Dark traits are often used to express evil, as light and beauty to express good. In contrast to Claggort, Billy Budds welkin-eyes, blonde hair, and tan complexion ultimately portray good. Besides from the use of characterization and symbolism, Melville uses irony to portray the battle of good versus evil. Irony is used to contrast the concepts of good and evil. Billy, the fighting peacemaker kills John Claggort with a blow quick as the flame from a discharged cannon. It is ironic that Billy, this innocent Christ like character loses his composure and ultimately does something evil. Through out the novel Billy Budd is never aware of Claggorts ill will towards him. Even when warned, Jemmy legs is down on you, Billy still can not grasp the concept that evil can happen to him, so when it does he doesnt know how to react. It is ironic that right before Billys hanging, he shouts God Bless Captain Vere even though Vere was the main advocate in the prosecuting of him. It is overall ironic that evil prevails in this novel. Claggort unfortunately got the last laugh. He is able to adulterate Billys purity and innocence in such a way that even the newspapers consider Billy as the criminal [who] paid the penalty for his crime In the end Claggort is portrayed as this martyr who is killed by this evil, and bad person, Billy Budd. This assumption is a major mistake. To develop the dramatic contrast between good and evil in the novel, Billy Budd, Herman Melville uses symbolism, characterization, and irony. Good and evil are a flip of a coin, and separated by a very thin line. The innocent martyr, Billy crossed this line once in the novel, to cause his downfall. After reading Billy Budd the reader ultimately realizes good and evil with out a problem.

Explain the formation and the break down of the First Triumvirate :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Explain the formation and the break down of the First Triumvirate The formation of the First Triumvirate took place because of the political motives and the personal motives of the three ruthlessly ambitious power brokers in Rome. These men required the co-operation of the other two in order to further their political careers. During the time of the First Triumvirate many extraordinary powers where obtained and in some cases these where unprecedented. There are some key factors that have to be considered towards the break down of the Triumvirate. The most powerful and influential people, the Optimates became increasingly dis empowered, and a sense of desperation to regain power is felt with the use of Pompey in an a final attempt to restore power to the Senate. "By uncompromising refusal to meet the demands of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus the senate naturally drove them into each others arms. The three men agreed to form a political amicitia ....." Pompey upon return from his successful campaign in the East, disbanded his army probably to diffuse tension in Rome and prove to the Optimates in Rome he had no intention of over throwing the Government. This suggests Pompey's political naivety and the fact that Pompey thought he had done enough in order to get recognition and acceptance from the Optimates to gain land for his veterans and to have his innumerable arrangements in the East ratified. Cato also refused Pompey's offer of marriage to one of his nieces. According to Bradley "Cato was a staunch conservative, and distrusted Pompey's motives" Crassus had a problem with his supporters. He supported a request from a company of tax gatherers (Equites), that after realizing Asia had been economically raped, and virtually un-taxable due to the Mithradatic campaign, could not possibly make money from taxes, so the request he supported is that the Senate should adjust the bad bargain to on a third rebate which they had made in contracting for the taxes of Asia. This request according to Scullard was rejected under Cato's leadership which had led to the stagnation of Crassus' political career. Thus Crassus needed some support of Pompey and Caesar to kick start his career and eventually lead to the formation of the First Triumvirate. Caesar, who had been Propraetor in Spain during, 61BC, hoped to return to Rome in 60BC and stand for the consulship for the following year.

DBQ apush Essay

To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer be sure to address the political, social, and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800.  Notes from Mr. Williams: This essay was given to 2 nd  period APUSH on their first in – class essay. Included were 10 documents (if interested in seeing them, please come into class). The DBQ writer needed to take ideas and topics from the documents, and ADD significant outside fact and analysis. Notice that this writer does a complete job. He/she  deals with the entire question (deals with extent) and answers the question from economic, political and social points of view. Additionally, he/she used a significant amount of documents and included o  utside knowledge. After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. After breaking away from what they thought was a corrupt and evil government, Americans changed how the y wanted to  govern their society, even though they ultimately reverted to a more centralized government similar to Britain. The uneducated masses, as viewed by the elite, didn’t experience a lot of change though the ideals from the revolution still guided some to seek  better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalist experienced a considerable amount of change in society as women experienced more freedoms, some slaves were set free, and loyalist left America. Overall, America didn’t experience a l ot of economic  change, but it did experience, to varying degrees, political and social  change.

Animal Farm: a Communist Manifesto

George Orwell's novel Animal Farm is subtitled â€Å"a Fairy Story†, a label that may make the book seem innocent and appropriate for children and classroom settings. However, the title is misleading. Animal Farm is a work of Communist propaganda. It outlines and even encourages the overthrow of the government, and explains how to set up and maintain a communist state. It portrays government as corrupt and the public as stupid and easily manipulated. Orwell himself wavered between being a socialist and an anarchist.Considering communist China's recent increased aggression, and deteriorating relations between them and the United States, the dangers of this novel must be weighed carefully. It is often taught in schools, despite the fact that it promotes un-American and anti-capitalist views. With today's political tension, do we really want our youth exposed to literature that encourages them to mistrust the government and supports a communist revolution? Animal Farm is indeed c ommunist propaganda. It describes how the animals overthrow the farmer and drive all humans from the farm.The animals create a set of laws, designed to eradicate all hints of humanity; humanity, of course, represents the capitalist government. The animals call each other â€Å"comrade†, a clear reference to communism, and after the revolution the animals are described as being â€Å"happy as they had never conceived it possible to be† (Orwell 46). The novel describes much of the procedure of running a communist state. It includes the organization of committees, and the indoctrination of the public in the form of the sheep.Snowball, one of the two pigs who leads the animals after the revolution, teaches the sheep to repeat the maxim â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad,† which, he feels, sums up the laws of their new system – completely against humans. Methods of propaganda are also explored. Carrier pigeons are sent to neighboring farms to deliver heroic ta les of the revolution and convert other farms to ‘Animalism' – the domino effect in action. Internal propaganda is the responsibility of a pig named Squealer, whose primary function is to convince the animals that the actions taken by the pigs are for their own good.This is a clear description of how to keep a communist regime in power: as long as the pubic is convinced that all actions are for their own good, they will go along with anything. The public is constantly told that they are doing better than ever before; Squealer always tells the animals that they are producing more food more efficiently than when they were under human rule, no matter what the reality of the situation. The novel portrays government in general in an extremely negative manner, and one that is certainly intended to inspire mistrust and encourage rebellion.The government officials are represented by pigs, and are portrayed as sneaky and greedy, with only their own best interests at heart. They take the best of the food, and live in the farmhouse in luxury. Impressionable minds could take this to mean that all governments are greedy and corrupt, and again encourages rebellion. The public, too, is portrayed in an extremely negative light. The vast majority of the animals, who represent the general public, are not even intelligent enough to learn the alphabet.Most of the public is represented by the sheep, who â€Å"could get no further than the letter A† (Orwell 50). Violence is portrayed as both noble and desirable. In the beginning of the novel, the animals turn on their human keepers and attack them, driving them off the farm. This is portrayed as a noble action, and one to be proud of. It is also promotes violence against the government, and explains that the only way to put a communist regime in place is to eliminate the current government by force.When the humans are driven off the farm a second time in the novel, this time with even more violence than the firs t, the animals are jubilant. They are described as having â€Å"reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice† (Orwell 59). This is not a mere glorification of violence; it is a call for violence against the government, an act that is clearly unlawful. â€Å"Advocacy aimed at promoting the forceful overthrow of the government†¦ an be punished without violating the first amendment† (Choper 139). Religion, too, is portrayed as undesirable in Animal Farm. Religion is represented by a raven named Moses who is described as â€Å"a spy, and a tale-bearer†, and who is hated by the other animals because he â€Å"told tales and did no work† (Orwell 37). Moses is later driven off the farm, much as religion was driven from communist countries. Not only is this factor of the book anti-religious, it also explains to readers that for a communist regime to remain in power, religion must be eliminated.O rwell himself alternated between being an anarchist and a socialist; are the values of a man with no respect for capitalism or democracy views that we want taught to our children in schools (Storgaard 5)? Our schools should be teaching children how to be good Americans, not feeding them communist propaganda in the form of fables. Animal Farm is dangerous and inflammatory. It contains instructions for staging a revolution and putting a communist regime in place, and encourages the overthrow of the government. Young minds should not be exposed to this manner of propaganda in school.